Process for the preparation of (s)-2-amino-non-8-enoic acid

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein is a process for preparing enantioenriched (S)-2-aminonon-8-enoic acid by amination of 2-oxonon-8-enoic acid in the presence of an enzyme and an ammonia source.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/059,269, filed Oct. 3, 2014.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Synthesis of (S)-2-aminonon-8-enoic acid has been reported in the literature. Faucher, et al., reported a six step synthetic sequence for (S)-2-aminonon-8-enoic acid, which involves catalytic hydrogenation of an enamine substrate utilizing a DUPHOS ligand system as the key step for introduction of α-amino acid chirality (Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 2901-2904). Subsequently, Wang, et al., reported an enzymatic approach for the preparation of (S)-2-aminonon-8-enoic acid using acylase for the selective kinetic hydrolysis of a racemic acetamide substrate, with a theoretical step yield of 50%, in a six-step sequence (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2007, 11, 60-63). In 2008, an alternate approach involving a whole-cell catalytic system was disclosed for preparation of enantiomerically enriched (S)-2-aminonon-8-enoic acid from the corresponding hydantoin substrate (WO 2008/067981 A2). Subsequently, a different approach was reported (WO 2010/050516 A1; WO 2008/067981 A2) for (S)-2-aminonon-8-enoic acid, which was also based on selective kinetic hydrolysis of a racemic succinyl amide substrate using an L-succinylase enzyme (amidase), with a theoretical 50% step yield.

Previously-disclosed methods are neither efficient nor best suited for the large-scale preparation of (S)-2-aminonon-8-enoic acid, as some of them involve multiple steps, with individual steps within a sequence possessing the limitation of a maximum 50% theoretical step yield. Thus, there is a need in the art for an improved process for preparing (S)-2-aminonon-8-enoic acid.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to a process for preparing an enantioenriched, non-proteinogenic (or unnatural), long-chain amino acid (LCAA).

In one aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing an enantioenriched 2-aminonon-8-enoic acid, comprising aminating 2-oxonon-8-enoic acid in the presence of an enzyme and an ammonia source.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula (IV), comprising reacting a reagent of formula (II) with a compound of formula (III).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE

FIG. 1 is a graph depicting the increase in reaction rates of various protein-engineered LeuDH enzymes compared to the wild-type Leu42 enzyme in the amination reaction of 5 mM LCAA substrate. The resulting reaction rate for formation of LCAA increases by approximately 1,000-fold for the mutant Leu42 variants compared to the wild-type.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention provides for a process for preparing an enantioenriched 2-aminonon-8-enoic acid, comprising aminating 2-aminonon-8-enoic acid in the presence of an enzyme and an ammonia source.

The process may begin with a haloalkene, such as 7-bromohept-1-ene, from which an organometallic (e.g., Grignard) reagent of formula (II) is generated, e.g., by treating the haloalkene with magnesium turnings in a solvent, such as THF. The resulting organometallic reagent may be reacted with an oxalic acid derivative, e.g., a diester of formula (III), such as diethyl oxalate, e.g., at low temperature (see, e.g., Synthetic Commun. 1981, 11, 943-6). The reaction may be quenched with a proton source, such as hydrochloric acid, and the desired product extracted from the resulting mixture with an organic solvent, such as dichloromethane. The crude product may be purified, for example, by silica gel (“flash”) chromatography, to afford alkyl 2-oxonon-8-enoate of formula (IV).

The alkyl 2-oxonon-8-enoate may then be hydrolyzed, whether directly from the crude reaction mixture of the prior step or after purification and/or isolation. The hydrolysis may be performed under basic conditions (e.g., such as lithium hydroxide in an aqueous solvent, such as THF and water), Alternatively, the hydrolysis may be conducted under acidic conditions, such as using hydrochloric acid in an aqueous solvent, such as 1,4-dioxane and water, to afford 2-oxonon-8-enoic acid. The 2-oxonon-8-enoic acid may then be isolated from the reaction mixture, e.g., by chromatographic purification.

In some embodiments of the invention, 2-oxonon-8-enoic acid may be aminated in the presence of an enzyme, co-factors and an ammonia source to give enantioenriched (S)-2-aminonon-8-enoic acid. In certain such embodiments, the ammonia source comprises a buffered aqueous solution of ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide, e.g., at a pH of about 9.5. In some embodiments, the co-factors may comprise nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), glucose and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH). For example, the NAD may be a reduced form of NAD, the GDH may be GHD-105, and the glucose may be (D)-glucose, e.g., at a concentration of about 100 mM. In certain embodiments, the amination reaction is conducted at a temperature in the range of about 37-45° C.

In certain embodiments, the LCAA substrate for the enzymatic amination reaction is present at a concentration of about 5 mM. In the amination reaction, the leucine dehydrogenase may be suspended in a volume of bacterial protein extraction reagent (BPER), or the LeuDH-containing cells may be lysed by resuspension in buffer, followed by sonication.

In some embodiments, the enzyme used in the amination reaction is a leucine dehydrogenase (LeuDH), such as LeuDH derived from Bacillus cereus, or another enzyme described herein. In certain embodiments, the LeuDH is a variant enzyme. For example, the LeuDH comprises at least one amino acid substitution relative to the naturally occurring enzyme, preferably including an amino acid substitution at position 42 of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide.

In certain embodiments, the enantioenriched (S)-2-aminonon-8-enoic acid is enantioenriched to at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or even at least about 99% enantiomeric excess (ee). In certain embodiments, the enantioenriched 2-aminonon-8-enoic acid resulting from the enzymatic amination reaction is extractively isolated from the reaction mixture, e.g., using solvent extraction methods with organic solvents, such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, or the like. The resulting product-containing slurry may then be filtered and then dried.

Definitions

An “alkyl” group or “alkane” is a straight chained or branched non-aromatic hydrocarbon which is completely saturated. Typically, a straight chained or branched alkyl group has from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 10 unless otherwise defined. Examples of straight chained and branched alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, pentyl and octyl. A C₁-C₆ straight chained or branched alkyl group is also referred to as a “lower alkyl” group. An alkyl group with two open valences is sometimes referred to as an alkylene group, such as methylene, ethylene, propylene and the like.

Moreover, the term “alkyl” (or “lower alkyl”) as used throughout the specification, examples, and claims is intended to include both “unsubstituted alkyls” and “substituted alkyls”, the latter of which refers to alkyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone.

The term “C_(x-y)” when used in conjunction with a chemical moiety, such as alkyl, is meant to include groups that contain from x to y carbons in the chain. For example, the term “C_(x-y)alkyl” refers to substituted or unsubstituted saturated hydrocarbon groups, including straight-chain alkyl and branched-chain alkyl groups that contain from x to y carbons in the chain, including haloalkyl groups such as trifluoromethyl and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, etc. C₀ alkyl indicates a hydrogen where the group is in a terminal position, a bond if internal.

The term “substituted” refers to moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons or heteroatoms of the moiety. It will be understood that “substitution” or “substituted with” includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc. As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds.

In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and non-aromatic substituents of organic compounds. The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this invention, the heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. Substituents can include any substituents described herein, for example, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, a formyl, or an acyl), a thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), an alkoxyl, a phosphoryl, a phosphate, a phosphonate, a phosphinate, an amino, an amido, an amidine, an imine, a cyano, a nitro, an azido, a sulfhydryl, an alkylthio, a sulfate, a sulfonate, a sulfamoyl, a sulfonamido, a sulfonyl, a heterocyclyl, an aralkyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that substituents can themselves be substituted, if appropriate. Unless specifically stated as “unsubstituted,” references to chemical moieties herein are understood to include substituted variants.

The term “Grignard reagent” is art-recognized and refers to an alkyl-, alkenyl-, alkynyl- or aryl-magnesium halide compound of the general formula: RMgX.

The term “flash chromatography” is art-recognized and refers to a technique of silica gel column chromatography used for the purification of organic compounds as described in: Still, W. C.; Kahn, M.; Mitra, A. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43(14), 2923-2925.

The present invention provides efficient methods for producing useful LCAA derivatives in high optical purity, so the optical purity of starting materials and products is sometimes described herein in terms of enantiomeric excess (ee). is a conventional method for expressing the optical purity of a mixture containing two enantiomers of a molecule in unequal amounts. The ee of such a mixture where the R enantiomer dominates, for example, is calculated as: ee=(% R−% S)/(% R+% S), where % R represents the percentage of the R enantiomer present in the mixture, and % S represents the percentage of the S enantiomer present.

Enzymes

The enzymes suitable for the methods described herein include leucine dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes, including naturally-occurring and variant enzymes, as well as enzymatically-active fragments of these enzymes. In some embodiments, the enzyme is a LDH expressed by Bacillus cereus, a variant of this enzyme, or an enzymatically-active fragment of the natural or variant enzyme. An exemplary amino acid sequence for the full-length, wild-type LDH enzyme from Bacillus cereus is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) MTLEIFEYLEKYDYEQVVFCQDKESGLKAIIAIHDTTLGPALGGTRMWTY DSEEAAIEDALRLAKGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGAKTVIIGDPRKDKSEAMFRA LGRYIQGLNGRYITAEDVGTTVDDMDIIHEETDFVTGISPSFGSSGNPSP VTAYGVYRGMKAAAKEAFGTDNLEGKVIAVQGVGNVAYHLCKHLHAEGAK LIVTDINKEAVQRAVEEFGASAVEPNEIYGVECDIYAPCALGATVNDETI PQLKAKVIAGSANNQLKEDRHGDIIHEMGIVYAPDYVINAGGVINVADEL YGYNRERALKRVESIYDTIAKVIEISKRDGIATYVAADRLAEERIASLKN SRSTYLRNGHDIISRR (UniProt ID No. P0A392).

In some embodiments, the enzyme is a LDH expressed by Chlamydia pneumoniae, a variant of this enzyme, or an enzymatically-active fragment of the natural or variant enzyme. An exemplary amino acid sequence for the full-length, wild-type LDH enzyme from Chlamydia pneumoniae is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 7) MKYSLNFKEIKIDDYERVIEVTCSKVRLHAIIAIHQTAVGPALGGVRASL YSSFEDACTDALRLARGMTYKAIISNTGTGGGKSVIILPQDAPSLTEDML RAFGQAVNALEGTYICAEDLGVSINDISIVAEETPYVCGIADVSGDPSIY TAHGGFLCIKETAKYLWGSSSLRGKKIAIQGIGSVGRRLLQSLFFEGAEL YVADVLERAVQDAARLYGATIVPTEEIHALECDIFSPCARGNVIRKDNLA DLNCKAIVGVANNQLEDSSAGMMLHERGILYGPDYLVNAGGLLNVAAAIE GRVYAPKEVLLKVEELPIVLSKLYNQSKTTGKDLVALSDSFVEDKLLAYT S (UniProt ID No. Q9Z6Y7).

In some embodiments, the enzyme is a LDH expressed by Thermoactinomyces intermedius, a variant of this enzyme, or an enzymatically-active fragment of the natural or variant enzyme. An exemplary amino acid sequence for the full-length, wild-type LDH enzyme from Thermoactinomyces intermedius is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 8) MKIFDYMEKYDYEQLVMCQDKESGLKAIICIHVTTLGPALGGMRMWTYAS EEEAIEDALRLGRGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGGKTVIIGDPRKDKNEAMFRALG RFIQGLNGRYITAEDVGTTVEDMDIIHEETRYVTGVSPAFGSSGNPSPVT AYGVYRGMKAAAKEAFGDDSLEGKVVAVQGVGHVAYELCKHLHNEGAKLI VTDINKENADRAVQEFGAEFVHPDKIYDVECDIFAPCALGAIINDETIER LKCKVVAGSANNQLKEERHGKMLEEKGIVYAPDYVINAGGVINVADELLG YNRERAMKKVEGIYDKILKVFEIAKRDGIPSYLAADRMAEERIEMMRKTR STFLQDQRNLINFNNK (UniProt ID No. Q60030).

In some embodiments, the enzyme is a LDH expressed by Bacillus subtilis, a variant of this enzyme, or an enzymatically-active fragment of the natural or variant enzyme. An exemplary amino acid sequence for the full-length, wild-type LDH enzyme from Bacillus subtilis is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 9) MELFKYMEKYDYEQLVFCQDEQSGLKAIIAIHDTTLGPALGGTRMWTYEN EEAAIEDALRLARGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGGKTVIIGDPRKDKNEEMFRAFG RYIQGLNGRYITAEDVGTTVEDMDIIHDETDYVTGISPAFGSSGNPSPVT AYGVYRGMKAAAKAAFGTDSLEGKTIAVQGVGNVAYNLCRHLHEEGANLI VTDINKQSVQRAVEDFGARAVDPDDIYSQDCDIYAPCALGATINDDTIKQ LKAKVIAGAANNQLKETRHGDQIHEMGIVYAPDYVINAGGVINVADELYG YNAERALKKVEGIYGNIERVLEISQRDGIPAYLAADRLAEERIERMRRSR SQFLQNGHSVLSRR (UniProt ID No. P54531).

In some embodiments, the enzyme is a LDH expressed by Bacillus licheniformis, a variant of this enzyme, or an enzymatically-active fragment of the natural or variant enzyme. An exemplary amino acid sequence for the full-length, wild-type LDH enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 10) MELFRYMEQYDYEQLVFCQDKQSGLKAIIAIHDTTLGPALGGTRMWTYES EEAAIEDALRLARGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGGKTVIIGDPRKDKNEEMFRAFG RYIQGLNGRYITAEDVGTTVEDMDIIHDETDFVTGISPAFGSSGNPSPVT AYGVYKGMKAAAKAAFGTDSLEGKTVAVQGVGNVAYNLCRHLHEEGAKLI VTDINKEAVERAVAEFGARAVDPDDIYSQECDIYAPCALGATINDDTIPQ LKAKVIAGAANNQLKETRHGDQIHDMGIVYAPDYVINAGGVINVADELYG YNSERALKKVEGIYGNIERVLEISKRDRIPTYLAADRLAEERIERMRQSR SQFLQNGHHILSRR (UniProt ID No. Q65HK5).

In some embodiments, the enzyme is a LDH expressed by Geobacillus stearothermophilus, a variant of this enzyme, or an enzymatically-active fragment of the natural or variant enzyme. An exemplary amino acid sequence for the full-length, wild-type LDH enzyme from Geobacillus stearothermophilus is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 11) MELFKYMETYDYEQVLFCQDKESGLKAIIAIHDTTLGPALGGTRMWMYNS EEEALEDALRLARGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGGKTVIIGDPRKDKNEAMFRAFG RFIQGLNGRYITAEDVGTTVADMDIIYQETDYVTGISPEFGSSGNPSPAT AYGVYRGMKAAAKEAFGSDSLEGKVVAVQGVGNVAYHLCRHLHEEGAKLI VTDINKEVVARAVEEFGAKAVDPNDIYGVECDIFAPCALGGIINDQTIPQ LKAKVIAGSADNQLKEPRHGDIIHEMGIVYAPDYVINAGGVINVADELYG YNRERAMKKIEQIYDNIEKVFAIAKRDNIPTYVAADRMAEERIETMRKAR SPFLQNGHHILSRRRAR (UniProt ID No. P13154).

In some embodiments, the enzyme is a LDH expressed by Bacillus sphaericus, a variant of this enzyme, or an enzymatically-active fragment of the natural or variant enzyme. An exemplary amino acid sequence for the full-length, wild-type LDH enzyme from Bacillus sphaericus is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 12) MEIFKYMEKYDYEQLVFCQDEASGLKAIIAIHDTTLGPALGGARMWTYAT EENAIEDALRLARGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGGKTVIIGDPFKDKNEEMFRALG RFIQGLNGRYITAEDVGTTVTDMDLIHEETNYVTGISPAFGSSGNPSPVT AYGVYRGMKAAAKEAFGTDMLEGRTISVQGLGNVAYKLCEYLHNEGAKLV VTDINQAAIDRVVNDFGATAVAPDEIYSQEVDIFSPCALGAILNDETIPQ LKAKVIAGSANNQLQDSRHGDYLHELGIVYAPDYVINAGGVINVADELYG YNRERALKRVDGIYDSIEKIFEISKRDSIPTYVAANRLAEERIARVAKSR SQFLKNEKNILNGR (UniProt ID No. Q76GS2).

The variant enzymes described herein comprise one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions, relative to the wild-type LDH enzymes from which they were derived. In some embodiments, a variant enzyme comprises at least two (e.g., at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, or more than 100) amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions, relative to the wild-type, full-length LDH enzyme from which it was derived. In some embodiments, a variant enzyme comprises no more than 150 (e.g., no more than 145, 140, 135, 130, 125, 120, 115, 110, 105, 100, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2) amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions, relative to the wild-type, full-length LDH enzyme from which it was derived. In some embodiments, a variant enzyme described herein, or a fragment thereof, includes an amino acid substitution at amino acid position 42 relative to SEQ ID NO:1, e.g., a substitution of leucine at position 42 for another amino acid. The amino acid at position 42, leucine, relative to SEQ ID NO:1 is one of several amino acids (GPAXGG (SEQ ID NO:3)) highly conserved among bacterial leucine dehydrogenase enzymes (FIG. 1). However, the exact position of these amino acid residues in a given enzyme varies from species to species and with any truncations or extension of the wild-type peptide. One of skill in the art would therefore appreciate that references herein to a variant enzyme (or a fragment thereof) comprising an amino acid substitution at position 42 relative to SEQ ID NO:1, include e.g., an amino acid substitution at position 43 of SEQ ID NO:7; an amino acid substitution at position 40 of SEQ ID NO:8; an amino acid substitution at position 40 of SEQ ID NO:9; an amino acid substitution at position 40 of SEQ ID NO:10; an amino acid substitution at position 40 of SEQ ID NO:11; or an amino acid substitution at position 40 of SEQ ID NO:12, i.e., position X in SEQ ID NOs:13-18.

In some embodiments, any of the variant enzymes or fragments described herein comprise the amino acid sequence NVA (SEQ ID NO:19), which corresponds to amino acids 295 to 297 of SEQ ID NO:1. In some embodiments, a variant enzyme or fragment thereof comprises the amino acid sequences depicted in SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:19.

As used herein, the term “conservative substitution” refers to the replacement of an amino acid present in the native sequence in a given enzyme with a naturally or non-naturally occurring amino acid having similar steric properties. Where the side-chain of the native amino acid to be replaced is either polar or hydrophobic, the conservative substitution should be with a naturally occurring amino acid, a non-naturally occurring amino acid that is also polar or hydrophobic, and, optionally, with the same or similar steric properties as the side-chain of the replaced amino acid. Conservative substitutions typically include substitutions within the following groups: glycine and alanine; valine, isoleucine, and leucine; aspartic acid and glutamic acid; asparagine, glutamine, serine and threonine; lysine, histidine and arginine; and phenylalanine and tyrosine. One letter amino acid abbreviations are as follows: alanine (A); arginine (R); asparagine (N); aspartic acid (D); cysteine (C); glycine (G); glutamine (Q); glutamic acid (E); histidine (H); isoleucine (I); leucine (L); lysine (K); methionine (M); phenylalanine (F); proline (P); serine (S); threonine (T); tryptophan (W), tyrosine (Y); and valine (V).

The phrase “non-conservative substitutions” as used herein refers to replacement of the amino acid as present in the parent sequence by another naturally or non-naturally occurring amino acid, having different electrochemical and/or steric properties. Thus, the side chain of the substituting amino acid can be significantly larger (or smaller) than the side chain of the native amino acid being substituted and/or can have functional groups with significantly different electronic properties than the amino acid being substituted.

In some embodiments, the variant enzyme, or fragment thereof, comprises the amino acid sequence GPAXGG (SEQ ID NO:3), wherein X is any amino acid except for leucine. In some embodiments, X is glycine. In some embodiments, X is valine. In some embodiments, X is isoleucine. In some embodiments, X is serine. In some embodiments, X is threonine. In some embodiments, X can be, e.g., glycine, valine, isoleucine, alanine, serine, or threonine.

In some embodiments, the variant enzyme is a variant of Bacillus cereus LDH comprising the following amino acid sequence: MTLEIFEYLEKYDYEQVVFCQDKESGLKAIIAIHDTTLGPAXGGTRMWTYDSEEAAIED ALRLAKGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGAKTVIIGDPRKDKSEAMFRALGRYIQGLNGRYITAED VGTTVDDMDIIHEETDFVTGISPSFGSSGNPSPVTAYGVYRGMKAAAKEAFGTDNLEGK VIAVQGVGNVAYHLCKHLHAEGAKLIVTDINKEAVQRAVEEFGASAVEPNEIYGVECDI YAPCALGATVNDETIPQLKAKVIAGSANNQLKEDRHGDIIHEMGIVYAPDYVINAGGVI NVADELYGYNRERALKRVESIYDTIAKVIEISKRDGIATYVAADRLAEERIASLKNSRST YLRNGHDIISRR (SEQ ID NO:2), wherein X is any amino acid except for leucine. In some embodiments, X is glycine. In some embodiments, X is valine. In some embodiments, X is isoleucine. In some embodiments, X is alanine. In some embodiments, X is serine. In some embodiments, X is threonine.

In some embodiments, the variant enzyme comprises, or consists of, one of the following amino acid sequences:

(1) (SEQ ID NO: 4) MTLEIFEYLEKYDYEQVVFCQDKESGLKAIIAIHDTTLGPAIGGTRMWTY DSEEAAIEDALRLAKGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGAKTVIIGDPRKDKSEAMFRA LGRYIQGLNGRYITAEDVGTTVDDMDIIHEETDFVTGISPSFGSSGNPSP VTAYGVYRGMKAAAKEAFGTDNLEGKVIAVQGVGNVAYHLCKHLHAEGAK LIVTDINKEAVQRAVEEFGASAVEPNEIYGVECDIYAPCALGATVNDETI PQLKAKVIAGSANNQLKEDRHGDIIHEMGIVYAPDYVINAGGVINVADEL YGYNRERALKRVESIYDTIAKVIEISKRDGIATYVAADRLAEERIASLKN SRSTYLRNGHDIISRR; (2) (SEQ ID NO: 5) MTLEIFEYLEKYDYEQVVFCQDKESGLKAIIAIHDTTLGPAVGGTRMWTY DSEEAAIEDALRLAKGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGAKTVIIGDPRKDKSEAMFRA LGRYIQGLNGRYITAEDVGTTVDDMDIIHEETDFVTGISPSFGSSGNPSP VTAYGVYRGMKAAAKEAFGTDNLEGKVIAVQGVGNVAYHLCKHLHAEGAK LIVTDINKEAVQRAVEEFGASAVEPNEIYGVECDIYAPCALGATVNDETI PQLKAKVIAGSANNQLKEDRHGDIIHEMGIVYAPDYVINAGGVINVADEL YGYNRERALKRVESIYDTIAKVIEISKRDGIATYVAADRLAEERIASLKN SRSTYLRNGHDIISRR; (3) (SEQ ID NO: 6) MTLEIFEYLEKYDYEQVVFCQDKESGLKAIIAIHDTTLGPAGGGTRMWTY DSEEAAIEDALRLAKGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGAKTVIIGDPRKDKSEAMFRA LGRYIQGLNGRYITAEDVGTTVDDMDIIHEETDFVTGISPSFGSSGNPSP VTAYGVYRGMKAAAKEAFGTDNLEGKVIAVQGVGNVAYHLCKHLHAEGAK LIVTDINKEAVQRAVEEFGASAVEPNEIYGVECDIYAPCALGATVNDETI PQLKAKVIAGSANNQLKEDRHGDIIHEMGIVYAPDYVINAGGVINVADEL YGYNRERALKRVESIYDTIAKVIEISKRDGIATYVAADRLAEERIASLKN SRSTYLRNGHDIISRR; or (4) (SEQ ID NO: 20) MTLEIFEYLEKYDYEQVVFCQDKESGLKAIIAIHDTTLGPAAGGTRMWTY DSEEAAIEDALRLAKGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGAKTVIIGDPRKDKSEAMFRA LGRYIQGLNGRYITAEDVGTTVDDMDIIHEETDFVTGISPSFGSSGNPSP VTAYGVYRGMKAAAKEAFGTDNLEGKVIAVQGVGNVAYHLCKHLHAEGAK LIVTDINKEAVQRAVEEFGASAVEPNEIYGVECDIYAPCALGATVNDETI PQLKAKVIAGSANNQLKEDRHGDIIHEMGIVYAPDYVINAGGVINVADEL YGYNRERALKRVESIYDTIAKVIEISKRDGIATYVAADRLAEERIASLKN SRSTYLRNGHDIISRR.

In some embodiments, a variant enzyme described herein, or a fragment thereof, comprises at least ten (e.g., at least 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, or 300 or more) consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2, inclusive of the amino acid at position 42, wherein X is not leucine.

In some embodiments, a variant enzyme described herein, or a fragment thereof, comprises at least ten (e.g., at least 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, or 300 or more) consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:13, inclusive of the amino acid at position 43, wherein X is not leucine. The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 is as follows:

MKYSLNFKEIKIDDYERVIEVTCSKVRLHAIIAIHQTAVGPAXGGVRASL YSSFEDACTDALRLARGMTYKAIISNTGTGGGKSVIILPQDAPSLTEDML RAFGQAVNALEGTYICAEDLGVSINDISIVAEETPYVCGIADVSGDPSIY TAHGGFLCIKETAKYLWGSSSLRGKKIAIQGIGSVGRRLLQSLFFEGAEL YVADVLERAVQDAARLYGATIVPTEEIHALECDIFSPCARGNVIRKDNLA DLNCKAIVGVANNQLEDSSAGMMLHERGILYGPDYLVNAGGLLNVAAAIE GRVYAPKEVLLKVEELPIVLSKLYNQSKTTGKDLVALSDSFVEDKLLAYT S.

In some embodiments, a variant enzyme described herein, or a fragment thereof, comprises at least ten (e.g., at least 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, or 300 or more) consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:14, inclusive of the amino acid at position 40, wherein X is not leucine. The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:14 is as follows:

MKIFDYMEKYDYEQLVMCQDKESGLKAIICIHVTTLGPAXGGMRMWTYAS EEEAIEDALRLGRGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGGKTVIIGDPRKDKNEAMFRALG RFIQGLNGRYITAEDVGTTVEDMDIIHEETRYVTGVSPAFGSSGNPSPVT AYGVYRGMKAAAKEAFGDDSLEGKVVAVQGVGHVAYELCKHLHNEGAKLI VTDINKENADRAVQEFGAEFVHPDKIYDVECDIFAPCALGAIINDETIER LKCKVVAGSANNQLKEERHGKMLEEKGIVYAPDYVINAGGVINVADELLG YNRERAMKKVEGIYDKILKVFEIAKRDGIPSYLAADRMAEERIEMMRKTR STFLQDQRNLINFNNK.

In some embodiments, a variant enzyme described herein, or a fragment thereof, comprises at least ten (e.g., at least 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, or 300 or more) consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:15, inclusive of the amino acid at position 40, wherein X is not leucine. The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:15 is as follows:

MELFKYMEKYDYEQLVFCQDEQSGLKAIIAIHDTTLGPAXGGTRMWTYEN EEAAIEDALRLARGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGGKTVIIGDPRKDKNEEMFRAFG RYIQGLNGRYITAEDVGTTVEDMDIIHDETDYVTGISPAFGSSGNPSPVT AYGVYRGMKAAAKAAFGTDSLEGKTIAVQGVGNVAYNLCRHLHEEGANLI VTDINKQSVQRAVEDFGARAVDPDDIYSQDCDIYAPCALGATINDDTIKQ LKAKVIAGAANNQLKETRHGDQIHEMGIVYAPDYVINAGGVINVADELYG YNAERALKKVEGIYGNIERVLEISQRDGIPAYLAADRLAEERIERMRRSR SQFLQNGHSVLSRR.

In some embodiments, a variant enzyme described herein, or a fragment thereof, comprises at least ten (e.g., at least 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, or 300 or more) consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:16, inclusive of the amino acid at position 40, wherein X is not leucine. The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:16 is as follows:

MELFRYMEQYDYEQLVFCQDKQSGLKAIIAIHDTTLGPAXGGTRMWTYES EEAAIEDALRLARGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGGKTVIIGDPRKDKNEEMFRAFG RYIQGLNGRYITAEDVGTTVEDMDIIHDETDFVTGISPAFGSSGNPSPVT AYGVYKGMKAAAKAAFGTDSLEGKTVAVQGVGNVAYNLCRHLHEEGAKLI VTDINKEAVERAVAEFGARAVDPDDIYSQECDIYAPCALGATINDDTIPQ LKAKVIAGAANNQLKETRHGDQIHDMGIVYAPDYVINAGGVINVADELYG YNSERALKKVEGIYGNIERVLEISKRDRIPTYLAADRLAEERIERMRQSR SQFLQNGHHILSRR.

In some embodiments, a variant enzyme described herein, or a fragment thereof, comprises at least ten (e.g., at least 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, or 300 or more) consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:17, inclusive of the amino acid at position 40, wherein X is not leucine. The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:17 is as follows:

MELFKYMETYDYEQVLFCQDKESGLKAIIAIHDTTLGPAXGGTRMWMYNS EEEALEDALRLARGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGGKTVIIGDPRKDKNEAMFRAFG RFIQGLNGRYITAEDVGTTVADMDIIYQETDYVTGISPEFGSSGNPSPAT AYGVYRGMKAAAKEAFGSDSLEGKVVAVQGVGNVAYHLCRHLHEEGAKLI VTDINKEVVARAVEEFGAKAVDPNDIYGVECDIFAPCALGGIINDQTIPQ LKAKVIAGSADNQLKEPRHGDIIHEMGIVYAPDYVINAGGVINVADELYG YNRERAMKKIEQIYDNIEKVFAIAKRDNIPTYVAADRMAEERIETMRKAR SPFLQNGHHILSRRRAR.

In some embodiments, a variant enzyme described herein, or a fragment thereof, comprises at least 10 (e.g., at least 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, or 300 or more) consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:18, inclusive of the amino acid at position 40, wherein X is not leucine. The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:18 is as follows:

MEIFKYMEKYDYEQLVFCQDEASGLKAIIAIHDTTLGPAXGGARMWTYAT EENAIEDALRLARGMTYKNAAAGLNLGGGKTVIIGDPFKDKNEEMFRALG RFIQGLNGRYITAEDVGTTVTDMDLIHEETNYVTGISPAFGSSGNPSPVT AYGVYRGMKAAAKEAFGTDMLEGRTISVQGLGNVAYKLCEYLHNEGAKLV VTDINQAAIDRVVNDFGATAVAPDEIYSQEVDIFSPCALGAILNDETIPQ LKAKVIAGSANNQLQDSRHGDYLHELGIVYAPDYVINAGGVINVADELYG YNRERALKRVDGIYDSIEKIFEISKRDSIPTYVAANRLAEERIARVAKSR SQFLKNEKNILNGR.

In some embodiments of any of the variants described herein, X is glycine, isoleucine, valine, or alanine. In some embodiments, X is serine. In some embodiments, X is threonine.

In some embodiments, a variant enzyme described herein, or a fragment thereof, has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80 (e.g., at least 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99) % identical to: (i) amino acids 6 to 238 of SEQ ID NO:2; (ii) amino acids 7 to 237 of SEQ ID NO:13; (iii) amino acids 4 to 236 of SEQ ID NO:14; (iv) amino acids 4 to 236 of SEQ ID NO:15; (v) amino acids 4 to 236 of SEQ ID NO:16; (vi) amino acids 4 to 236 of SEQ ID NO:17; or (vii) amino acids 4 to 236 of SEQ ID NO:18, with the proviso that the variant enzyme or fragment thereof comprises the amino acid sequence at position X, whether X is leucine, or in certain preferred embodiments is not leucine. In some embodiments, the variant enzyme or fragment thereof comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:3, wherein X is leucine or, in some preferred embodiments, is not leucine.

In some embodiments, a variant enzyme described herein, or a fragment thereof, has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80 (e.g., at least 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99) % identical to: (i) amino acids 6 to 298 of SEQ ID NO:2; (ii) amino acids 7 to 297 of SEQ ID NO:13; (iii) amino acids 4 to 296 of SEQ ID NO:14; (iv) amino acids 4 to 296 of SEQ ID NO:15; (v) amino acids 4 to 296 of SEQ ID NO:16; (vi) amino acids 4 to 296 of SEQ ID NO:17; or (vii) amino acids 4 to 296 of SEQ ID NO:18, with the proviso that the variant enzyme or fragment thereof comprises the amino acid sequence at position X, and X is not leucine. In some embodiments, the variant enzyme or fragment thereof comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:3, wherein X is not leucine.

Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity is defined as the percentage of amino acids in a candidate sequence that are identical to the amino acids in a reference sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software, such as BLAST software or ClustalW2 (above). Appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full-length of the sequences being compared can be determined by known methods.

Leucine dehydrogenase from B. cereus exists in solution as a homo-octomer, with each subunit folding into two domains, and separated by a deep cleft. See Baker et al. (1995) Current Biol 3:693-705, which describes the crystal structure of leucine dehydrogenase from B. sphaericus (SEQ ID NO:12). The quaternary structure of the complex adopts the shape of a hollow cylinder. Leucine dehydrogenase comprises both a dehydrogenase superfamily domain (e.g., amino acids 10 to 130) and a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-cofactor binding domain (e.g., amino acids 150 to 350). In some embodiments, a variant enzyme or enzymatically-active fragment described herein retains at least 5 (e.g., at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100) % of the ability of the corresponding full-length, wild-type LDH enzyme from which the variant or fragment was derived to bind to a nucleotide cofactor (e.g., NAD or NADH). Methods for detecting or measuring the interaction between NAD and NAD-dependent enzymes are known in the art and described in, e.g., Kovar and Klukanova (1984) Biochim Biophys Acta 788(1):98-109 and in Lesk (1995) Curr Opin Struct Biol 5(6):775-783.

As described above, the variant enzyme described herein, as well as enzymatically-active fragments thereof, possess an enzymatic activity capable of reductive amination of an aliphatic keto acid (e.g., aliphatic 2-keto acids). For example, such enzymes convert 2-oxonon-8-enoic acid, in the presence of an ammonia source, to LCAA, e.g., (S)-LCAA. In some embodiments, a variant enzyme, or enzymatically-active fragment thereof, retains at least 5 (e.g., at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100) % of the ability of the corresponding full-length, wild-type LDH enzyme from which the variant or fragment was derived to convert 2-oxonon-8-enoic acid, in the presence of an ammonia source, to LCAA. In some embodiments, a variant enzyme, or enzymatically-active fragment thereof, retains at least 5 (e.g., at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100) % of the ability of full-length, wild-type Bacillus cereus LDH octomer complex to convert 2-oxonon-8-enoic acid, in the presence of an ammonia source, to LCAA, e.g., under the assay conditions described and exemplified in the working examples.

In some embodiments, a variant enzyme, or enzymatically-active fragment thereof, possesses enhanced ability to convert 2-oxonon-8-enoic acid, in the presence of an ammonia source, to LCAA, relative to the activity of full-length, wild-type Bacillus cereus LDH. For example, the variant enzyme or enzymatically-active fragment thereof can have at least a 5 (e.g., 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100) % greater activity (e.g., reaction rate) than full-length, wild-type Bacillus cereus LDH to convert 2-oxonon-8-enoic acid, in the presence of an ammonia source, to LCAA. In some embodiments, the activity (e.g., the reaction rate) of the variant enzyme or enzymatically-active fragment thereof is at least 1.5 (e.g., at least 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 500, or even 1000) times greater than that of full-length, wild-type Bacillus cereus LDH, e.g., under the conditions described and exemplified in the working examples. Exemplary variant enzymes exhibiting enhanced activity relative to full-length, wild-type B. cereus LDH include the L42I, L42V, L42G, and L42A variant enzymes having amino acid sequences: SEQ ID NOs:4, 5, 6, and 20, respectively.

Although the invention herein is described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

Contemplated equivalents of the compounds described above include compounds which otherwise correspond thereto, and which have the same general properties thereof. In general, the compounds of the present invention may be prepared by the methods illustrated in the general reaction schemes as, for example, described below, or by modifications thereof, using readily available starting materials, reagents and synthesis procedures. In these reactions, it is also possible to make use of variants which are in themselves known, but are not mentioned here.

EXEMPLIFICATION Synthetic Protocols: Chemistry Material and Methods.

All solvents and reagents were purchased from commercial and used without further purification. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Gemini spectrometer (400 MHz) using CDCl₃ or DMSO-d₆ and referenced to the peak for tetramethylsilane (TMS) and the chemical shifts (δ) were reported in hertz (Hz). Mass spectrometry was performed on a ThermoFinnigan LCQ DECA XP quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer utilizing positive-ion Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization [APCI(+)]. High resolution mass determinations were carried out on an Agilent LC/MSDTOF instrument using negative-ion electrospray [ESI⁽⁻⁾]. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on pre-coated TLC Silica Gel 60 F₂₅₄ 5×10 cm plates and visualized with short-wave UV light (254 nm) or potassium permanganate strain, and solvent ratios reported. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel, Merck grade 60 (70-230 mesh). All compounds reported here had a purity of >90% as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis using Shimadzu LC-20 or Agilent 1200 systems equipped with Supelcosil, LC-18-DB, 250×4.6 mm, 5 μm column and UV absorption was monitored at 210 nm. Injection volume was 5 μL and HPLC gradient solvent system (Mobile phase A: Water-0.05% Formic acid and Mobile Phase B: Acetonitrile-0.05% Formic acid) went from 5% to 95% Mobile Phase B in 10 min and continued for 20 min with flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.

Example 1 Ethyl 2-oxonon-8-enoate (5)

A clean, dry, 1 L 3-neck flask equipped with a stir bar and nitrogen inlet was charged with magnesium turnings (10.31 g, 0.4241 mol, 1.5 equiv.) and ˜0.1 mg of iodine, and the flask was purged with nitrogen for 5 minutes. 750 mL of anhydrous THF [15 mL/g of 7-bromohept-1-ene (3)] was charged and stirring was initiated. 7-Bromohept-1-ene (3, 50.02 g, 0.2824 mol, 1.0 equiv.) was slowly added drop wise over 10-15 minutes under nitrogen. During this period, the pink color of iodine disappeared during initial stages, the reaction was found to be slightly exothermic, and the temperature of the contents was raised from an initial ambient (20-23° C.) to about 31° C. After the addition was complete, the resulting pale gray color solution was cooled to room temp (23° C.) and stirring was continued for an additional 2.5 h under nitrogen to form the Grignard reagent (7-hept-1-ene magnesium bromide).

Into a separate 2 L dry three neck RB flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermocouple and an addition funnel with nitrogen inlet, diethyl oxalate (4, 82.61 g 0.5642 mol, 2.0 equiv.) and 750 mL of anhydrous THF [15 mL/g of 7-bromo-1-pentene (3)] were charged under nitrogen. The mixture was cooled to below −20° C. temperature (Jacket temperature: −23° C.) with stirring. The Grignard reagent (7-hept-1-ene magnesium bromide), which was prepared as described above, was transferred using a cannula into a side-arm addition funnel set on top of the 2 L RB flask. The reagent was added drop wise slowly into diethyl oxalate-THF solution over 1 h 50 min, while maintaining the jacket temperature below −23° C. During the addition of the Grignard reagent, the reaction was found to be exothermic and the internal temperature was raised to maximum of −18° C. After the addition was complete, the mixture was warmed to −15° C., and the progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC. After 3 h at −15° C., the reaction mixture was warmed to −10° C., quenched with 3N hydrochloric acid solution and the final pH was adjusted to 1.4-1.6 by drop wise addition. During the quench, the internal temperature rose to −6.7° C. due to an exotherm while, the jacket temperature was maintained at −12° C. The mixture was stirred for an additional 10 min and the pH was re-checked and confirmed to be approximately, 1.7-1.8. The mixture was warmed to 22° C., and the pH was again re-checked (pH=2.8) and re-adjusted to pH=1.2 with 3N hydrochloric acid solution. A total of 81 mL of 3N hydrochloric acid solution was used for quench and pH adjustment. Agitation was stopped and the layers allowed to settle. The organic phase was separated, and the bottom aqueous layer was back-extracted with dichloromethane (1×100 mL). The combined organic phases were concentrated on a rotary evaporator (Bath temperature: 45° C./Vacuum) to give the crude product as a yellow oil. The crude product was dissolved in 200 mL of dichloromethane (some solids/salts were present) and 200 mL water. The bottom aqueous phase was separated and back-extracted with dichloromethane (2×200 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate (25 g), filtered and concentrated on a rotary evaporator (bath temperature: 45° C., under vacuum), to afford a pale yellow viscous as oil. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography in four equal portions, with each portion dissolved in about 25 mL of dichloromethane for loading onto a silica gel column and eluted using 5-10% ethyl acetate in hexanes. The selected fractions were combined and concentrated on a rotary evaporator (bath temperature: 45° C., under vacuum), and further dried under vacuum (<5 mm/Hg) at ambient temperature for 4 h to afford 36.49 g of ethyl 2-oxonon-8-enoate (5) in 65.2% yield as colorless oil.

Example 2 2-Oxonon-8-enoic Acid (6)

Ethyl-2-oxonon-8-enoate (5, 12.02 g, 0.0606 mol, 1.0 equiv.) and 1,4-dioxane (120 mL) were charged into a 500 mL jacketed flask, equipped with a mechanical stirrer and thermocouple. Conc. hydrochloric acid (40.9 mL, 0.4909 mol, 8.1 equiv.) was slowly added with stirring over 1-2 minutes, and the mixture was heated to 50° C. Progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC. After 5 h at 50° C., the mixture was cooled to room temperature (22° C.) and the pH was adjusted to 9.3 using 10% (w/v) aqueous sodium carbonate solution (300 mL). The resulting solution was washed with methyl tert-butyl ether (2×250 mL) and acidified to pH=1.3 using 3 N hydrochloric acid solution (58 mL). The acidified mixture was extracted with methyl tert-butyl ether (2×150 mL). The combined organic phase was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate (8 g), filtered and concentrated on a rotary evaporator (bath temperature: 40° C. under vacuum). The resulting product was further dried under vacuum (<5 mm/Hg) at ambient temperature overnight for 14 h to afford 8.69 g of 2-oxonon-8-enoic acid (6) in 84.4% yield as colorless oil.

Example 3 (S)-2-Aminonon-8-enoic Acid (2)

In a dry 500 mL baffled culture shake flask, 2-oxonon-8-enoic acid (6, 2.54 g, 0.0149 mol, 1.0 equiv.), D-glucose (2.75 g, 0.01531 mol, 1.03 equiv.), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺, 0.103 g, 0.00016 mol, 0.0107 equiv.), and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH-105, 0.075 g; or any equivalent GDH) were suspended in 142 mL of 2 M ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide buffer solution (pH: 9.5). To this mixture, a solution of leucine dehydrogenase (LeuDH) pellet (Original culture volume: 75 mL) suspended in 7.5 mL of bacterial protein extraction reagent (BPER) was added. (Alternatively, the LeuDH pellet may be lysed via sonication). The final volume of the reaction was 150 mL with a pH of 9.0. The mixture was agitated at 37° C. temperature on a shaker. Progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC, and after 24 h, the reaction was deemed complete. The reaction work-up procedure was as follows:

The enzymatic reaction mixture was diluted with chloroform (100 mL), and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature (19-23° C.) for 1 h and the mixture allowed to settle overnight for 12 h. The bottom organic phase was separated from the upper aqueous phase containing solids as suspension/slurry, and the aqueous phase was filtered using Buchner funnel and Whatman filter paper (Number 1) under vacuum. The wet cake was washed with chloroform (1×20 mL) and dried at under vacuum at 23° C. for 14 h. to afford 1.93 g of (S)-2-Aminonon-8-enoic acid (2) as colorless solid in 87.3% yield and >99% enantiomeric excess.

EQUIVALENTS & INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 

1-6. (canceled)
 7. A method for preparing a compound of formula (IV):

wherein R¹ is lower alkyl; comprising reacting a reagent of formula (II) with a compound of formula (III),

wherein independently for each occurrence R¹ is lower alkyl; and M is selected from Li, MgCl, MgBr, and MgI.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein R¹ is ethyl.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein M is MgBr.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein R¹ is ethyl; and M is MgBr.
 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising hydrolyzing the compound of formula (IV) to produce 2-oxonon-8-enoic acid.
 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising aminating the 2-oxonon-8-enoic acid in the presence of an enzyme and an ammonia source to produce enantioenriched 2-aminonon-8-enoic acid. 